This article explores the connections between historic activity and the construction of a collective identity at the Théâtre du Peuple, a theatre enjoying a remarkable longevity since it is recognized as the oldest venture in popular theatre in France. By concentrating on the theatre’s history since the death of its founder in 1960, it demonstrates how the figure of Maurice Pottecher has remained a permanent point of reference, at the same time as its mission has been the subject of various reinterpretations. They have allowed for the redefinition of the strong identity factors specific to this theatre, putting the emphasis on the audience rather than the repertoire and recalling the importance of its artistic dimension while insisting on the originality of this undertaking and its unique character. They in turn are associated with Maurice Pottecher’s original insight and uphold the ideal that he defended : it enables the uniqueness of this theatre to be maintained in the field of current theatre and binds together the very diverse individuals who take part in this adventure.